Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by immunologic destruction of normal platelets and insufficient production of platelets mediated by autoantibodies. And there are different treatment options for management of thrombocytopenia according to each case. Because of the progression of the disease and its multiple pathophysiological pathways a combination of treatments used for management of ITP would be a point of interest. Co-administration of therapies may be useful in patients who are refractory to monotherapies and may result in a booster response because they target multiple mechanisms. Romiplostim is a potent drug used for the management of acute ITP and can be administered with other treatment options for ITP. The combination of Rituximab and Romiplostim may inhibit platelet destruction and at the same time increase platelet production. This combination can lead to a strong and a massive increase in platelet counts. In preclinical studies of Romiplostim safety margins could not be reliably estimated. Although some post marketing surveillance studies provided some information about the safety profile of this drug. More information is needed to evaluate drug interactions between Romiplostim and Rituximab.The goal of this study is to investigate the safety of co-treatment of Romiplostim with Rituximab as compared to each of these drugs in normal rats and thrombocytopenic rats. The measured safety parameters were evaluated for liver and kidney functions in normal and diseased groups of rats.The safety of this regimen should be taken in consideration, so that a balance between the harmful effects and beneficial response could be attained. Future studies are necessary to investigate the safety and efficacy balance of Romiplostim and Rituximab alone or in combination with each other for management of thrombocytopenia.

The aim of this study is to examine analgesic effect of Coenzyme Q10 ointment in mice. Fifteen healthy male albino mice were selected for this study. The animals were divided into three groups of five animals for each group. The pain reaction time was recorded pretreatment for each animal and was taken as a basal threshold(1). Group 1 served as a control and was applied Vaseline ointment topically on fore and hind limb. Group 2 and 3 were applied topically Coenzyme Q10 ointment 4%, 8% respectively on fore and hind limb. The onset and duration of analgesic effect of Coenzyme Q10 ointment were evaluated in mice by utilizing a Hot-Plate test at 55±1°C. Latency reaction time was recorded after 3min. and (10- 60 min) after ointment applied. The prolongation of latency times compared with the values of the control was used to express about analgesic effects of Coenzyme Q10 ointment and the percentage of antinociceptive ,Maximal Possible Effect (MPE) was calculated. The Coenzyme Q10 ointment at concentrations (4%, 8%) produced analgesic effect in mice after 3 min, respectively in comparison with control. The percentage of maximum possible effect (MPE) was significantly increased in group treated with (4%,8%) Coenzyme Q10. It can be concluded that, the Coenzyme Q10 ointment have a good analgesic activity in mice after 3 minutes of topical application and prolong the duration of analgesia more than 40 minutes depending on concentration of Coenzyme Q10 ointment.

Anti-rabies virus hyperimmune serum was prepared in horses using both inactivated and live attenuated rabies virus (ERA strain) adjuvanted with three different adjuvants including 20% Alhydro gel, 5% Pet gel-A and 20% calcium phosphate gel. The six vaccine preparations were inoculated subcutaneously in three groups of horses, separately, as each horse group received 4 increased doses of an inactivated vaccine followed by 4 increased doses of a live attenuated vaccine (one dose twice weekly) with the same adjuvant. All prepared vaccine formulae were found to be free from foreign contaminants and safe with no post inoculation abnormal signs in inoculated mice. Monitoring of the levels of exhibited rabies antibodies in the sera of immunized horses using serum neutralization test (SNT) and quantitative ELISA kit revealed that the prepared rabies vaccines with 5% Pet gel A adjuvant induced the highest antibody titers (2048 by SNT and 2.20 by ELISA kit) with expected protection percentage 96.14% followed by those induced by 20% Calcium phosphate gel recording the values of 2048 by SNT and 2.11 by ELISA kit with expected protection percentage 92.2%. Lower values (1024 by SNT; 2.05 by ELISA kit and 89.59% protection percentage) were recorded for the Alhydro gel adjuvanted vaccine. These obtained data reflected the potency of the prepared equine anti-rabies hyperimmune serum (EARHIS) to be used for post exposure treatment in emergency cases and that is the Pet gel A was the best adjuvant to be used.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is an acute infectious zoonotic arthropod - born viral disease, affecting many species of animals with causing great economic losses in animal wealth. Vaccination of susceptible animals with RVF vaccines are an important factor for controlling the disease. This study was applied to improve the locally produced vaccine by using Montanide Gel 01™ as an adjuvant in comparison with Aluminium Hydroxide inactivated RVF vaccine, through evaluating the humeral, cellular immune response and the duration of immunity in sheep vaccinated with the prepared vaccines. The antibody titre in the group vaccinated with one dose of Montanide Gel 01TM inactivated RVF vaccine reached the protective level at the 7th-day post-vaccination and stayed within the protective level till the end of the 11th month, while in the group vaccinated with 2 doses, the antibody titre stayed within the protective level till the end of 13th month in sheep vaccinated with the same vaccine. These results revealed that the best vaccine is 20% Montanide Gel 01TM inactivated RVF vaccine (2 doses) as it gave a higher level of antibody throughout the experiment compared with that of other vaccinated groups. Also, the results of cell-mediated immune response showed that: (i) The cell proliferation expressed by optical density showed early significance in sheep vaccinated by Montanide Gel 01TM inactivated RVF vaccine and a slight elevation in sheep vaccinated by Aluminium Hydroxide inactivated RVF vaccine. (ii) The phagocytic activity expressed by phagocytic percentage and phagocytic index showed early significant in sheep vaccinated with Montanide Gel 01TM inactivated RVF vaccine and a slight elevation in sheep vaccinated by Aluminium hydroxide inactivated RVF vaccine. Also, high levels of IL-6 and IL-12 gene expression were detected in sheep vaccinated with Montanide Gel 01TM inactivated RVF vaccine as shown by RT-PCR. All the previous data showed that the Montanide Gel 01TM was highly immunogenic than Aluminium Hydroxide beside that Montanide Gel 01TM inactivated RVF vaccine induces rapid onset immunological response with a long duration which recommended for emergency vaccination.

The objectives of the study were to detect toxins and antiseptic resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cows with subclinical mastitis in Egypt. A total of 400 quarter milk samples (QMS) were collected from different dairy herds in which quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) had been used as a disinfectant for more than 3years. The collected samples were subjected to bacterial investigation. S. aureus was successfully isolated confirmed by duplex PCR targeting 16S rRNA and nuc genes. Also determined their antibiogram and sensitivity to disinfectant. Genes of QAC(qacA/B), enterotoxins (Sea, Seb) and exfoliative toxins (ETB) were detected by simplex and multiplex PCR. Results of bacterial investigation revealed 103 (25.75%) S. aureus isolates. Results of antibiogram demonstrate that the most microbial antibiotics resistance were recorded for Penicillin G (85.7%) and Tetracycline (54.2%). While Gentamycin, Neomycin and Amoxicillin+ clavulanic acid show moderate resistance (21.4%, 10% and 7.1%) respectively, although Norfloxacin and Cephradine exhibited seldom resistance with high sensitivity of 95% and 94.3% respectively. Regarding the results of QAC sensitivity, only 8 isolates (7.76%) were resistant to benzalkonium chloride (BC) versus to 13 isolates (12.62%) harbour QAC gene could be detected by PCR with specific amplicon of 220bp corresponding to qacA/B. The results revealed Positive amplification of 102 bp specific for Sea gene in 19(18.44%) isolates and 164bp specific for Seb gene in 13(12.62%) isolates while there is no amplification was detected for etb gene. In conclusion, Antibiogram, as well as the identification of toxigenic and QAC genes in this study, may open another perspective in planning some alternative therapeutic strategies against multi resistances S. aureus mastitis. Monitoring cross-resistance between antibiotics and antiseptic should be further investigated.